Publications

2024:

Wollman, A., Syeda, A., Howard, J., Payne-Dwyer, A., Leech, A., Warecka, D., Guy, C., McGlynn, P., Hawkins, M., & Leake, M. (2024). Tetrameric UvrD helicase is located at the E. coli replisome due to frequent replication blocks. Journal of Molecular Biology, 436(2), 168369.

Shepherd, J., Guilbaud, S., Zhou, Z., Howard, J., Burman, M., Schaefer, C., Kerrigan, A., Steele-King, C., Noy, A., & Leake, M. (2024). Correlating fluorescence microscopy, optical and magnetic tweezers to study single chiral biopolymers such as DNA. Nature Communications, 15(1), 2748.

Lecinski, S., MacDonald, C., & Leake, M. (2024). iPAR: a new reporter for eukaryotic cytoplasmic protein aggregation. bioRxiv, 2024–01.

Payne-Dwyer, A., Kumar, G., Barrett, J., Gherman, L., Hodgkinson, M., Plevin, M., Mackinder, L., Leake, M., & Schaefer, C. (2024). Predicting Rubisco-Linker Condensation from Titration in the Dilute Phase. Physical Review Letters, 132(21), 218401.

Dresser, L., Leake, M., & Quinn, S. (2024). Beta-amyloid induces the structural remodeling of single-lipid vesicles. Biophysical Journal, 123(3), 506a–507a.

Schulten, A., Jang, G.J., Payne-Dwyer, A., Nielsen, M., Bienz, M., Leake, M., & Dean, C. (2024). Functional specialization of Arabidopsis VEL polymerization domains in the switch to Polycomb silencing. bioRxiv, 2024–02.

Jang, G.J., Payne-Dwyer, A., Maple, R., Wu, Z., Liu, F., Lopez, S., Wang, Y., Fang, X., Leake, M., & Dean, C. (2024). In vivo properties of Arabidopsis FCA condensates involved in RNA 3’processing. bioRxiv, 2024–04.

Barrett, J., Naduthodi, M., Mao, Y., Degut, C., Musial, S., Salter, A., Leake, M., Plevin, M., McCormick, A., Blaza, J., & others (2024). A promiscuous mechanism to phase separate eukaryotic carbon fixation in the green lineage. bioRxiv, 2024–04.

Pei, L., Xian, Y., Yan, X., Schaefer, C., Syeda, A., Howard, J., Liao, H., Bai, F., Leake, M., & Pu, Y. (2024). Bacterial stress granule protects mRNA through ribonucleases exclusion. bioRxiv, 2024–04.

Payne-Dwyer, A., Jang, G.J., Dean, C., & Leake, M. (2024). SlimVar: rapid in vivo single-molecule tracking of chromatin regulators in plants. bioRxiv, 2024–05.

Leake, M. (2024). Role of BST4 in Chlamydomonas. Plant Physiology.

Howard, J., Ambrose, B., Abdelhamid, M., Alevropoulos-Borrill, A., Ejaz, A., Dresser, L., Dienerowitz, M., Quinn, S., Squires, A., Noy, A., & others (2024). Rep structures can be tuned by ionicity via metastable intermediates in the absence of DNA. bioRxiv, 2024–07.

2023:

Fosado, Y., Howard, J., Weir, S., Noy, A., Leake, M., & Michieletto, D. (2023). Fluidification of entanglements by a DNA bending protein. Physical Review Letters, 130(5), 058203.

Jin, X., Zhang, X., Ding, X., Tian, T., Tseng, C.K., Luo, X., Chen, X., Lo, C.J., Leake, M., & Bai, F. (2023). Sensitive bacterial Vm sensors revealed the excitability of bacterial Vm and its role in antibiotic tolerance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(3), e2208348120.

Leake, M., & Quinn, S. (2023). A guide to small fluorescent probes for single-molecule biophysics. Chemical Physics Reviews, 4(1).

Sielaff, H., Howard, J., Quinn, S., Dienerowitz, F., Leake, M., & Dienerowitz, M. (2023). Single-molecule FRET dynamics of molecular motors in an anti-Brownian electrokinetic trap. In Frontiers in Biophotonics and Imaging II (pp. 1233306).

Adler, L., Lau, C., Shaikh, K., Maldegem, K., Payne-Dwyer, A., Lefoulon, C., Girr, P., Atkinson, N., Barrett, J., Emrich-Mills, T., & others (2023). The role of BST4 in the pyrenoid of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. bioRxiv.

Leake, M. (2023). Constructive ignorance in the Physics of Life Network. Nature Physics, 19(8), 1068–1070.

Evans, D., Khamas, A., Marcussen, L., Rasmussen, K., Klitgaard, J., Kallipolitis, B., Nielsen, J., Otzen, D., Leake, M., & Meyer, R. (2023). GFP fusions of Sec-routed extracellular proteins in Staphylococcus aureus reveal surface-associated coagulase in biofilms. Microbial Cell, 10(7), 145.

Leake, M. (2023). The Physics of Life: No such thing as a dumb question. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.00003.

Leake, M.. (2023). BIOPHYSICS: Tools and Techniques for the Physics of Life.

Dresser, L., Kunstmann, C., Conteduca, D., Johnson, S., Penedo, C., Leake, M., & Quinn, S. (2023). Multiple Intermediates in the Detergent-Induced Fusion of Lipid Vesicles. bioRxiv, 2023–09.

Schaefer, C., Payne-Dwyer, A., Barrett, J., Mackinder, L., & Leake, M. (2023). Phase transition energetics in mesoscale photosynthetic condensates. arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.05681.

2022:

Shepherd, J., & Leake, M. (2022). Localization microscopy: a review of the progress in methods and applications. Principles of Light Microscopy: From Basic to Advanced, 299–324.

Payne-Dwyer, A., Syeda, A., Shepherd, J., Frame, L., & Leake, M. (2022). RecA and RecB: probing complexes of DNA repair proteins with mitomycin C in live Escherichia coli with single-molecule sensitivity. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 19(193), 20220437.

Dresser, L., Graham, S., Conteduca, D., Schaefer, C., Marrison, J., O’Toole, P., Leake, M., & Quinn, S. (2022). Ultrasensitive detection of conformational changes in single lipid vesicles. Biophysical Journal, 121(3), 34a–35a.

Patel, R., Tadeo, E., Dresser, L., Leake, M., & Quinn, S. (2022). Preferential inhibition of amyloid-beta oligomers identified by single-molecule stepwise photobleaching. Biophysical Journal, 121(3), 352a.

Backer, A., King, G., Biebricher, A., Shepherd, J., Noy, A., Leake, M., Heller, I., Wuite, G., & Peterman, E. (2022). Exploring the structural dynamics of DNA using fluorescence polarization microscopy and optical tweezers. Biophysical Journal, 121(3), 277a–278a.

Payne-Dwyer, A., Jang, G.J., Menon, G., Howard, M., Dean, C., & Leake, M. (2022). Spring blooms from self-assembly: epigenetic memory governed by nuclear assemblies and condensates. Biophysical Journal, 121(3), 168a.

Schnitzer, B., Welkenhuysen, N., Leake, M., Shashkova, S., & Cvijovic, M. (2022). The effect of stress on biophysical characteristics of misfolded protein aggregates in living Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Experimental gerontology, 162, 111755.

Dresser, L., Graham, S., Miller, L., Schaefer, C., Conteduca, D., Johnson, S., Leake, M., & Quinn, S. (2022). Tween-20 induces the structural remodeling of single lipid vesicles. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 13(23), 5341–5350.

Reith, P., Braam, S., Welkenhuysen, N., Lecinski, S., Shepherd, J., MacDonald, C., Leake, M., Hohmann, S., Shashkova, S., & Cvijovic, M. (2022). The effect of lithium on the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae upon stress adaptation. Microorganisms, 10(3), 590.

Watson, G., Chan, E., Leake, M., & Noy, A. (2022). Structural interplay between DNA-shape protein recognition and supercoiling: the case of IHF. Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal, 20, 5264–5274.

Wollman, A., Fournier, C., Llorente-Garcia, I., Harriman, O., Payne-Dwyer, A., Shashkova, S., Zhou, P., Liu, T.C., Ouaret, D., Wilding, J., & others (2022). Critical roles for EGFR and EGFR–HER2 clusters in EGF binding of SW620 human carcinoma cells. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 19(190), 20220088.

Hunter, P., Payne-Dwyer, A., Shaw, M., Signoret, N., & Leake, M. (2022). Super-resolved imaging deciphers ligand dependent membrane behaviour of the onco-immunogenic CCR5 receptor. bioRxiv, 2022–05.

Leake, M. (2022). Surviving early career research and beyond in biophysics/biological physics: a concise user guide. Physical Biology, 19(5), 050201.

Quinn, S., Dresser, L., Graham, S., Conteduca, D., Shepherd, J., & Leake, M. (2022). Crowding-induced morphological changes in synthetic lipid vesicles determined using smFRET. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 10, 958026.

Lecinski, S., Shepherd, J., Bunting, K., Dresser, L., Quinn, S., MacDonald, C., & Leake, M. (2022). Correlating viscosity and molecular crowding with fluorescent nanobeads and molecular probes: in vitro and in vivo. Interface Focus, 12(6), 20220042.

Hunter, P., Payne-Dwyer, A., Shaw, M., Signoret, N., & Leake, M. (2022). Single-molecule and super-resolved imaging deciphers membrane behavior of onco-immunogenic CCR5. Iscience, 25(12).

2021:

Laidlaw, K., Bisinski, D., Shashkova, S., Paine, K., Veillon, M., Leake, M., & MacDonald, C. (2021). A glucose-starvation response governs endocytic trafficking and eisosomal retention of surface cargoes in budding yeast. Journal of cell science, 134(2), jcs257733.

Shashkova, S., Andersson, M., Hohmann, S., & Leake, M. (2021). Correlating single-molecule characteristics of the yeast aquaglyceroporin Fps1 with environmental perturbations directly in living cells. Methods, 193, 46–53.

Dresser, L., Hunter, P., Yendybayeva, F., Hargreaves, A., Howard, J., Evans, G., Leake, M., & Quinn, S. (2021). Amyloid-$β$ oligomerization monitored by single-molecule stepwise photobleaching. Methods, 193, 80–95.

Shashkova, S., Nyström, T., Leake, M., & Wollman, A. (2021). Correlative single-molecule fluorescence barcoding of gene regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Methods, 193, 62–67.

Shepherd, J., Lecinski, S., Wragg, J., Shashkova, S., MacDonald, C., & Leake, M. (2021). Molecular crowding in single eukaryotic cells: Using cell environment biosensing and single-molecule optical microscopy to probe dependence on extracellular ionic strength, local glucose conditions, and sensor copy number. Methods, 193, 54–61.

Dienerowitz, M., Howard, J., Quinn, S., Dienerowitz, F., & Leake, M. (2021). Single-molecule FRET dynamics of molecular motors in an ABEL trap. Methods, 193, 96–106.

Shepherd, J., Payne-Dwyer, A., Lee, J.E., Syeda, A., & Leake, M. (2021). Combining single-molecule super-resolved localization microscopy with fluorescence polarization imaging to study cellular processes. Journal of Physics: Photonics, 3(3), 034010.

Shepherd, J., Higgins, E., Wollman, A., & Leake, M. (2021). PySTACHIO: Python Single-molecule TrAcking stoiCHiometry Intensity and simulatiOn, a flexible, extensible, beginner-friendly and optimized program for analysis of single-molecule microscopy data. Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal, 19, 4049–4058.

Saldivia, M., Wollman, A., Carnielli, J., Jones, N., Leake, M., Bower-Lepts, C., Rao, S., & Mottram, J. (2021). A CLK1-KKT2 signaling pathway regulating kinetochore assembly in Trypanosoma brucei. MBio, 12(3), 10–1128.

Yoshua, S., Watson, G., Howard, J., Velasco-Berrelleza, V., Leake, M., & Noy, A. (2021). Integration host factor bends and bridges DNA in a multiplicity of binding modes with varying specificity. Nucleic Acids Research, 49(15), 8684–8698.

Leake, M.. (2021). Correlative approaches in single-molecule biophysics: A review of the progress in methods and applications.

Jin, X., Lee, J.E., Schaefer, C., Luo, X., Wollman, A., Payne-Dwyer, A., Tian, T., Zhang, X., Chen, X., Li, Y., & others (2021). Membraneless organelles formed by liquid-liquid phase separation increase bacterial fitness. Science advances, 7(43), eabh2929.

Backer, A., King, G., Biebricher, A., Shepherd, J., Noy, A., Leake, M., Heller, I., Wuite, G., & Peterman, E. (2021). Elucidating the role of topological constraint on the structure of overstretched DNA using fluorescence polarization microscopy. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 125(30), 8351–8361.

Wollman, A., Syeda, A., Howard, J., Payne-Dwyer, A., Leech, A., Warecka, D., Guy, C., McGlynn, P., Hawkins, M., & Leake, M. (2021). Tetrameric UvrD helicase is located at theE. colireplisome due to frequent replication blocks.

2020:

Shepherd, J., Greenall, R., Probert, M., Noy, A., & Leake, M. (2020). The emergence of sequence-dependent structural motifs in stretched, torsionally constrained DNA. Nucleic acids research, 48(4), 1748–1763.

Saldivia, M., Fang, E., Ma, X., Myburgh, E., Carnielli, J., Bower-Lepts, C., Brown, E., Ritchie, R., Lakshminarayana, S., Chen, Y.L., & others (2020). Targeting the trypanosome kinetochore with CLK1 protein kinase inhibitors. Nature microbiology, 5(10), 1207–1216.

Wollman, A., Hedlund, E., Shashkova, S., & Leake, M. (2020). Towards mapping the 3D genome through high speed single-molecule tracking of functional transcription factors in single living cells. Methods, 170, 82–89.

Miller, H., Contera, S., Wollman, A., Hirst, A., Dunn, K., Schröter, S., O’Connell, D., & Leake, M. (2020). Biophysical characterisation of DNA origami nanostructures reveals inaccessibility to intercalation binding sites. Nanotechnology, 31(23), 235605.

Wollman, A., Fournier, C., Llorente-Garcia, I., Harriman, O., Shashkova, S., Hargreaves, A., Zhou, P., Ouaret, D., Wilding, J., Kusumi, A., & others (2020). EGF Signaling in Epithelial Carcinoma Cells Utilizes Higher Order Architectures of EGFR and HER2. Biophysical Journal, 118(3), 55a–56a.

Leake, M. (2020). Single-Molecule Super-Localization Optical Microscopy Reveals How Barriers to DNA Replication are Resolved in Living Cells. Biophysical Journal, 118(3), 374a.

Hargreaves, A., Syeda, A., & Leake, M. (2020). Tracking DNA Replication Restart in vivo at the Single-Molecule Level. Biophysical Journal, 118(3), 376a.

Cosgrove, J., Novkovic, M., Albrecht, S., Pikor, N., Zhou, Z., Onder, L., Mörbe, U., Cupovic, J., Miller, H., Alden, K., & others (2020). B cell zone reticular cell microenvironments shape CXCL13 gradient formation. Nature communications, 11(1), 3677.

Velasco-Berrelleza, V., Burman, M., Shepherd, J., Leake, M., Golestanian, R., & Noy, A. (2020). SerraNA: a program to determine nucleic acids elasticity from simulation data. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 22(34), 19254–19266.

Yoshua, S., Watson, G., Howard, J., Velasco-Berrelleza, V., Leake, M., & Noy, A. (2020). A nucleoid-associated protein bends and bridges DNA in a multiplicity of topological states with varying specificity. bioRxiv, 2020–04.

Wollman, A., Muchova, K., Chromiková, Z., Wilkinson, A., Barák, I., & Leake, M. (2020). Single-molecule optical microscopy of protein dynamics and computational analysis of images to determine cell structure development in differentiating Bacillus subtilis. Computational and structural biotechnology journal, 18, 1474–1486.

Juan-Colás, J., Dresser, L., Morris, K., Lagadou, H., Ward, R., Burns, A., Tear, S., Johnson, S., Leake, M., & Quinn, S. (2020). The mechanism of vesicle solubilization by the detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate. Langmuir, 36(39), 11499–11507.

Wollman, A., Fournier, C., Llorente-Garcia, I., Harriman, O., Hargreaves, A., Shashkova, S., Zhou, P., Liu, T.C., Ouaret, D., Wilding, J., & others (2020). EGF signaling in bowel carcinoma cells utilizes higher order architectures of EGFR and HER2. bioRxiv, 2020–07.

2019:

Haapasalo, K., Wollman, A., Haas, C., Kessel, K., Strijp, J., & Leake, M. (2019). Staphylococcus aureus toxin LukSF dissociates from its membrane receptor target to enable renewed ligand sequestration. The FASEB Journal, 33(3), 3807.

Syeda, A., Wollman, A., Hargreaves, A., Howard, J., Brüning, J.G., McGlynn, P., & Leake, M. (2019). Single-molecule live cell imaging of Rep reveals the dynamic interplay between an accessory replicative helicase and the replisome. Nucleic acids research, 47(12), 6287–6298.

Stracy, M., Wollman, A., Kaja, E., Gapinski, J., Lee, J.E., Leek, V., McKie, S., Mitchenall, L., Maxwell, A., Sherratt, D., & others (2019). Single-molecule imaging of DNA gyrase activity in living Escherichia coli. Nucleic acids research, 47(1), 210–220.

Pu, Y., Li, Y., Jin, X., Tian, T., Ma, Q., Zhao, Z., Lin, S.y., Chen, Z., Li, B., Yao, G., & others (2019). ATP-dependent dynamic protein aggregation regulates bacterial dormancy depth critical for antibiotic tolerance. Molecular cell, 73(1), 143–156.

Wollman, A., Shashkova, S., Hedlund, E., Friemann, R., Hohmann, S., & Leake, M. (2019). Correction: Transcription factor clusters regulate genes in eukaryotic cells. Elife, 8, e45804.

Leake, M. (2019). Illuminating the Black Box of DNA-Protein Interactions. Biophysical Journal, 116(3), 4a–5a.

Sun, Y., Wollman, A., Huang, F., Leake, M., & Liu, L.N. (2019). Single-organelle quantification reveals stoichiometric and structural variability of carboxysomes dependent on the environment. The Plant Cell, 31(7), 1648–1664.

Dalgarno, P., Juan-Colás, J., Hedley, G., Piñeiro, L., Novo, M., Perez-Gonzalez, C., Samuel, I., Leake, M., Johnson, S., Al-Soufi, W., & others (2019). Unveiling the multi-step solubilization mechanism of sub-micron size vesicles by detergents. Scientific reports, 9(1), 12897.

Lee, J., Syeda, A., Wollman, A., Leek, V., Zawadzki, P., Maxwell, A., & Leake, M. (2019). In vivo single-molecule imaging of DNA gyrase. In JOINT 12th EBSA Congress and 10th ICBP–IUPAP Congress.

Shashkova, S., Wollman, A., Hedlund, E., Hohmann, S., & Leake, M. (2019). Single-molecule Slimfield microscopy for realtime dissection of protein-protein interactions, stoichiometry and mobility directly in live eukaryotic cells. In 44th FEBS Congress: From Molecules to Living Systems.

Dalgarno, P., Juan-Colás, J., Hedley, G., Pineiro, L., Novo, M., Gonzalez, C., Samuel, I., Leake, M., Johnson, S., Al-Soufi, W., & others (2019). Unveiling the multi-step solubilization mechanism of single vesicles by detergents. bioRxiv, 638189.

2018:

Shashkova, S., & Leake, M. (2018). Systems biophysics: Single-molecule optical proteomics in single living cells. Current Opinion in Systems Biology, 7, 26–35.

Llorente-Garcia, I., Lenn, T., Erhardt, H., Harriman, O., Liu, L.N., Robson, A., Chiu, S.W., Matthews, S., Willis, N., Bray, C., & others (2018). Corrigendum to” Single-molecule in vivo imaging of bacterial respiratory complexes indicates delocalized oxidative phosphorylation”[Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1837 (6)(2014) 811-824. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Bioenergetics, 1859(2), 164.

Lund, V., Wacnik, K., Turner, R., Cotterell, B., Walther, C., Fenn, S., Grein, F., Wollman, A., Leake, M., Olivier, N., & others (2018). Molecular coordination of Staphylococcus aureus cell division. Elife, 7, e32057.

Shashkova, S., Wollman, A., Hohmann, S., & Leake, M. (2018). Characterising maturation of GFP and mCherry of genomically integrated fusions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Bio-protocol, 8(2), e2710–e2710.

Fournier, C., Wollman, A., Llorente-Garcia, I., Harriman, O., Ouarat, D., Wilding, J., Bodmer, W., & Leake, M. (2018). EGF signalling in epithelial carcinoma cells utilizes preformed receptor homoclusters, with larger heteroclusters post activation. bioRxiv, 305292.

Hoogenboom, B., & Leake, M. (2018). The case for biophysics super-groups in physics departments. Physical Biology, 15(6), 060201.

Miller, H., Cosgrove, J., Wollman, A., Taylor, E., Zhou, Z., O’Toole, P., Coles, M., & Leake, M. (2018). High-speed single-molecule tracking of CXCL13 in the B-follicle. Frontiers in immunology, 9, 1073.

Leake, M. (2018). Transcription factors in eukaryotic cells can functionally regulate gene expression by acting in oligomeric assemblies formed from an intrinsically disordered protein phase transition enabled by molecular crowding. Transcription, 9(5), 298–306.

Wollman, A., Muchová, K., Chromiková, Z., Wilkinson, A., Barák, I., & Leake, M. (2018). Stoichiometry and Mobility Switching of a Morphogenetic Protein in Live Differentiating Cells. bioRxiv, 356733.

Leake, M. (2018). Tricks of the light: the remarkable power of laser tweezers to dissect complex biological questions. arXiv preprint arXiv:1812.06517.

2017:

Shepherd, J., Zhou, Z., Greenall, R., Probert, M., & Leake, M. (2017). Transverse fluorescence microscopy with magnetic and optical tweezers. Biophysical Journal, 112(3), 299a.

Wollman, A., Shashkova, S., Welkenhuysen, N., Hedlund, E., Hohmann, S., & Leake, M. (2017). Time-Resolved Single Cell, Sub-Cellular Compartmentalized Proteomics, Combining Precise Microfluidics, Deconvolution and Ultrasensitive Single-Molecule Microscopy. Biophysical Journal, 112(3), 313a.

Hedlund, E., Shashkova, S., Wollman, A., Hohmann, S., & Leake, M. (2017). Single-Molecule Transcription Factor Dynamics in Saccharomyces Cerevisiæ Glucose Sensing. Biophysical Journal, 112(3), 282a.

Dunn, K., Leake, M., Wollman, A., Trefzer, M., Johnson, S., & Tyrrell, A. (2017). An experimental study of the putative mechanism of a synthetic autonomous rotary DNA nanomotor. Royal Society Open Science, 4(3), 160767.

Beattie, T., Kapadia, N., Nicolas, E., Uphoff, S., Wollman, A., Leake, M., & Reyes-Lamothe, R. (2017). Frequent exchange of the DNA polymerase during bacterial chromosome replication. Elife, 6, e21763.

Wollman, A., Shashkova, S., Hedlund, E., Friemann, R., Hohmann, S., & Leake, M. (2017). Transcription factor clusters regulate genes in eukaryotic cells. Elife, 6, e27451.

Haapasalo, K., Wollman, A., Haas, C., Kessel, K., Strijp, J., & Leake, M. (2017). Characterization of the stoichiometry of the complex formed by Staphylococcal LukSF and human C5aR receptor in living cells. bioRxiv, 127514.

Miller, H., Zhou, Z., Shepherd, J., Wollman, A., & Leake, M. (2017). Single-molecule techniques in biophysics: a review of the progress in methods and applications. Reports on Progress in Physics, 81(2), 024601.

Shashkova, S., Wollman, A., Leake, M., & Hohmann, S. (2017). The yeast Mig1 transcriptional repressor is dephosphorylated by glucose-dependent and-independent mechanisms. FEMS microbiology letters, 364(14), fnx133.

Shashkova, S., & Leake, M. (2017). Single-molecule fluorescence microscopy review: shedding new light on old problems. Bioscience reports, 37(4), BSR20170031.

Carrascosa, J., & Leake, M. (2017). Imaging the cell. Biophysical Reviews, 9(4), 295–296.

Miller, H., Cosgrove, J., Wollman, A., Toole, P., Coles, M., & Leake, M. (2017). Ultra-fast super-resolution imaging of biomolecular mobility in tissues. bioRxiv, 179747.

Hedlund, E., Wollman, A., Shashkova, S., Hohmann, S., & Leake, M. (2017). 3D millisecond tracking of single-molecule fluorescent protein translocation in eukaryotic cells. In 19th IUPAB and 11th EBSA Congress.

Wollman, A., Haapasalo, K., Haas, C., Aerts, P., Veld, E., Wubbolts, R., Kessel, K., Strijp, J., & Leake, M. (2017). Single-molecule microscopy of Staphylococcal pore-forming toxins on live mammalian cells. In EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL WITH BIOPHYSICS LETTERS (pp. S111–S111).

Shashkova, S., Wollman, A., Hedlund, E., Hohmann, S., & Leake, M. (2017). Transcription factor clusters regulate gene expression in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In 19th IUPAB and 11th EBSA Congress.

Cosgrove, J., Novkovic, M., Miller, H., Pikor, N., Onder, L., Jarrett, S., Stein, J., Leake, M., Timmis, J., Ludewig, B., & others (2017). Mapping the spatial distribution and dynamics of CXCL13 in lymphoid tissues. In SWISS MEDICAL WEEKLY (pp. 77S–77S).

Shashkova, S., Wollman, A., Hedlund, E., Hohmann, S., & Leake, M. (2017). Single-molecule microscopy of Staphylococcal pore-forming toxins on live mammalian cells. In 19th IUPAB and 11th EBSA Congress.

Leake, M. (2017). We must ensure that fortune favours the 500.

2016:

Lenn, T., & Leake, M. (2016). Single-molecule studies of the dynamics and interactions of bacterial OXPHOS complexes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Bioenergetics, 1857(3), 224–231.

Zhou, Z., Miller, H., Baumann, C., & Leake, M. (2016). Combined Magneto-Optical Tweezers and Super-Resolution Fluorescence Imaging for Probing Dynamic Single-Molecule Topology of DNA, and Protein Machines that Manipulate DNA Topology. Biophysical Journal, 110(3), 499a.

Miller, H., Wollman, A., Dunn, K., Hirst, A., Contera, S., Johnson, S., O’Connell, D., O’Toole, P., Tyrrell, A., & Leake, M. (2016). Developing a Single-Molecule Fluorescence Tool to Quantify DNA Damage. Biophysical Journal, 110(3), 164a.

Wollman, A., Miller, H., Foster, S., & Leake, M. (2016). Automated image segmentation and division plane detection in single live Staphylococcus aureus cells. arXiv preprint arXiv:1603.00695.

Hedlund, E., Shashkova, S., Wollman, A., Hohmann, S., & Leake, M. (2016). Real-Time 3D Imaging at the Single Molecule Level of Signal Transduction in Saccharomyces CerevisiÆ Responding to Environmental Changes. Biophysical Journal, 110(3), 145a.

Wollman, A., Shashkova, S., Hedlund, E., Hohmann, S., & Leake, M. (2016). Transcription Factor Clustering in Live Yeast Cells. Biophysical Journal, 110(3), 231a.

Miller, H., Wollman, A., & Leake, M. (2016). Designing a single-molecule biophysics tool for characterising DNA damage for techniques that kill infectious pathogens through DNA damage effects. Biophysics of Infection, 115–127.

Zhou, Z., & Leake, M. (2016). Force spectroscopy in studying infection. Biophysics of Infection, 307–327.

Leake, M. (2016). The biophysics of infection. Biophysics of Infection, 1–3.

Wollman, A., Syeda, A., McGlynn, P., & Leake, M. (2016). Single-molecule observation of DNA replication repair pathways in E. coli. Biophysics of Infection, 5–16.

Wollman, A., & Leake, M. (2016). Single-molecule narrow-field microscopy of protein–DNA binding dynamics in glucose signal transduction of live yeast cells. Chromosome Architecture: Methods and Protocols, 5–15.

Badrinarayanan, A., & Leake, M. (2016). Using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (frap) to study dynamics of the structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) complex in vivo. Chromosome Architecture: Methods and Protocols, 37–46.

Burschel, S., Erhardt, H., Mullineaux, C., Leake, M., & Friedrich, T. (2016). In vivo imaging of the supramolecular organisation of Escherichia coli OxPhos complexes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Bioenergetics(1857), e85.

Leake, M. (2016). New advances in chromosome architecture. Chromosome Architecture: Methods and Protocols, 1–3.

Leake, M., & Leake. (2016). Chromosome architecture.

Haapasalo-Tuomainen, K., Wollman, A., Aerts, P., Strijbis, K., Wubbolts, R., Leake, M., & others (2016). Characterization of the stoichiometry of the complex formed by staphylococcal toxin LukSF and human C5a receptor. In XXVI ICW Kanazawa 2016: XXVIth International Complement Workshop.

Wollman, A., Miller, H., Foster, S., & Leake, M. (2016). An automated image analysis framework for segmentation and division plane detection of single live Staphylococcus aureus cells which can operate at millisecond sampling time scales using bespoke Slimfield microscopy. Physical biology, 13(5), 055002.

Leake, M. (2016). Biophysics: tools and techniques.

2015:

Wollman, A., Miller, H., Zhou, Z., & Leake, M. (2015). Probing DNA interactions with proteins using a single-molecule toolbox: inside the cell, in a test tube and in a computer. Biochemical Society Transactions, 43(2), 139–145.

Wollman, A., Nudd, R., Hedlund, E., & Leake, M. (2015). From Animaculum to single molecules: 300 years of the light microscope. Open biology, 5(4), 150019.

Miller, H., Zhou, Z., Wollman, A., & Leake, M. (2015). Superresolution imaging of single DNA molecules using stochastic photoblinking of minor groove and intercalating dyes. Methods, 88, 81–88.

Wollman, A., Shashkova, S., Hedlund, E., Hohmann, S., & Leake, M. (2015). Observing Signal Transduction Directly at the Single-Molecule Level in Live Eukaryotic Cells. Biophysical Journal, 108(2), 570a.

Leake, M. (2015). Combined magneto-optical tweezers and supperesolution fluorescence imaging for probing dynamic single-molecule topology of DNA, and protein machines that manipulate DNA topology. Biophysical Journal, 108(2), 232a–233a.

Zhou, Z., Miller, H., Wollman, A., & Leake, M. (2015). Developing a new biophysical tool to combine magneto-optical tweezers with super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. In Photonics (pp. 758–772).

Wollman, A., & Leake, M. (2015). Millisecond single-molecule localization microscopy combined with convolution analysis and automated image segmentation to determine protein concentrations in complexly structured, functional cells, one cell at a time. Faraday discussions, 184, 401–424.

Hedlund, E., Shashkova, S., Wollman, A., Hohmann, S., & Leake, M. (2015). A Novel approach to simultaneously tracking two species of single fluorescent molecules in 3D with high temporal resolution using astigmatic microscopy and its application to tracking Snf1/Mig1 signal transduction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In 27th International Conference on Yeast Genetics and Molecular Biology.

Shashkova, S., Wollman, A., Hedlund, E., Leake, M., & Hohmann, S. (2015). Control of the transcriptional repressor Mig1 in the glucose repression pathway. In 27th International Conference on Yeast Genetics and Molecular Biology.

Cordes, T., Moerner, W., Orrit, M., Sekatskii, S., Faez, S., Borri, P., Goswami, H., Clark, A., El-Khoury, P., Mayr, S., & others (2015). Plasmonics, tracking and manipulating, and living cells: general discussion. Faraday discussions, 184, 451–473.

Leake, M. (2015). Innovative Science: The London Times, Letter to the Editor.

Braben, D., Allen, J., Amos, W., Ball, R., Bayley, H., Birkhead, T., Cameron, P., Campbell, E., Cogdell, R., Colquhoun, D., & others (2015). Innovative Science. arXiv preprint arXiv:1510.02385.

2014:

Llorente-Garcia, I., Lenn, T., Erhardt, H., Harriman, O., Liu, L.N., Robson, A., Chiu, S.W., Matthews, S., Willis, N., Bray, C., & others (2014). Single-molecule in vivo imaging of bacterial respiratory complexes indicates delocalized oxidative phosphorylation. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Bioenergetics, 1837(6), 811–824.

Leake, M. (2014). Analytical tools for single-molecule fluorescence imaging in cellulo. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 16(25), 12635–12647.

Bryan, S., Burroughs, N., Shevela, D., Yu, J., Rupprecht, E., Liu, L.N., Mastroianni, G., Xue, Q., Llorente-Garcia, I., Leake, M., & others (2014). Localisation and interactions of the V ipp1 protein in cyanobacteria. Molecular microbiology, 94(5), 1179–1195.

Nenninger, A., Mastroianni, G., Robson, A., Lenn, T., Xue, Q., Leake, M., & Mullineaux, C. (2014). Independent mobility of proteins and lipids in the plasma membrane of E scherichia coli. Molecular microbiology, 92(5), 1142–1153.

Burschel, S., Erhardt, H., Mullineaux, C., Leake, M., & Friedrich, T. (2014). In vivo imaging of the supramolecular organization of Escherichia coli OxPhos complexes. BBA-Bioenergetics(1837), e83.

Mullineaux, C., Lenn, T., Llorente-Garcia, I., Erhardt, H., Harriman, O., Liu, L.N., Friedrich, T., & Leake, M. (2014). Delocalised electron transport and chemiosmosis in Escherichia coli. BBA-Bioenergetics(1837), e88.

Leake, M. (2014). Single-Molecule Live-Cell Imaging of Bacterial Respiratory Complexes Indicates OXPHOS Delocalization. Biophysical Journal, 106(2), 27a.

Buckel, W., Chowdhury, N., & Ermler, U. (2014). Flavin based electron bifurcation: A mechanistic approach. BBA-Bioenergetics(1837), e83.

Leake, M. (2014). Dynamic behaviour and interactions of the Vipp1 protein in cyanobacteria. Molecular Microbiology.

2013:

Robson, A., Burrage, K., & Leake, M. (2013). Inferring diffusion in single live cells at the single-molecule level. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 368(1611), 20120029.

Leake, M.. (2013). The physics of life: one molecule at a time.

Chiu, S.W., Roberts, M., Leake, M., & Armitage, J. (2013). Positioning of chemosensory proteins and FtsZ through the R hodobacter sphaeroides cell cycle. Molecular microbiology, 90(2), 322–337.

Leake, M. (2013). Single-molecule cellular biophysics. Cambridge University Press.

Leake, M. (2013). Introduction: The physics of life: one molecule at a time. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, 1–9.

2012:

Badrinarayanan, A., Reyes-Lamothe, R., Uphoff, S., Leake, M., & Sherratt, D. (2012). In vivo architecture and action of bacterial structural maintenance of chromosome proteins. Science, 338(6106), 528–531.

Lenn, T., & Leake, M. (2012). Experimental approaches for addressing fundamental biological questions in living, functioning cells with single molecule precision. Open biology, 2(6), 120090.

Sherratt, D., Reyes-Lamothe, R., Badrinaryanan, A., Nicolas, E., Henry, O., Kapanidis, A., Uphoff, S., & Leake, M. (2012). In vivo single-molecule biochemistry of chromosome replication and segregation in bacteria.. In MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL.

Uphoff, S., Reyes-Lamothe, R., Leon, F., Leake, M., Sherratt, D., & Kapanidis, A. (2012). Measuring enzyme copy numbers and single-molecule reaction rates in living cells.. In MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL.

Garcia, I., Harriman, O., & Leake, M. (2012). Sub-Millisecond Single Molecule Fluorescence Imaging Combined with Dual Optical Tweezers on DNA Tethers. Biophysical Journal, 102(3), 180a.

Mullineaux, C., Liu, L., Bryan, S., Leake, M., Nixon, P., & Rich, P. (2012). Sub-micron scale distribution of electron transport compelxes in bacterial membranes, and its influence on electron transfer pathways. BBA-Bioenergetics(1817), S149–S150.

Badrinarayanan, A., Reyes-Lamothe, R., Sherratt, D., & Leake, M. (2012). Single Molecule Live Cell Millisecond Fluorescence Imaging of Bacterial Condensins. Biophysical Journal, 102(3), 279a.

Lenn, T., & Leake, M. (2012). Experimental approaches for addressing fundamental.

2011:

Harriman, O., & Leake, M. (2011). Single molecule experimentation in biological physics: exploring the living component of soft condensed matter one molecule at a time. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 23(50), 503101.

Chiu, S.W., & Leake, M. (2011). Functioning nanomachines seen in real-time in living bacteria using single-molecule and super-resolution fluorescence imaging. International journal of molecular sciences, 12(4), 2518–2542.

Xue, Q., Harriman, O., & Leake, M. (2011). Using bespoke fluorescence microscopy to study the soft condensed matter of living cells at the single molecule level. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (pp. 012001).

2010:

Reyes-Lamothe, R., Sherratt, D., & Leake, M. (2010). Stoichiometry and architecture of active DNA replication machinery in Escherichia coli. Science, 328(5977), 498–501.

Delalez, N., Wadhams, G., Rosser, G., Xue, Q., Brown, M., Dobbie, I., Berry, R., Leake, M., & Armitage, J. (2010). Signal-dependent turnover of the bacterial flagellar switch protein FliM. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 107(25), 11347–11351.

Leake, M. (2010). Shining the spotlight on functional molecular complexes: The new science of single-molecule cell biology. Communicative & integrative biology, 3(5), 415–418.

Xue, Q., Jones, N., & Leake, M. (2010). A general approach for segmenting elongated and stubby biological objects: extending a chord length transform with the radon transform. In 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging: From Nano to Macro (pp. 161–164).

Sherratt, D., Reyes-Lamothe, R., & Leake, M. (2010). Stoichiometry of Active DNA Replication Machinery Within Living Escherichia Coli Cells. Biophysical Journal, 98(3), 608a.

Harriman, O., & Leake, M. (2010). Advanced Multidimensional Optics to Investigate Biological Complexity at the Single Molecule Level in Living, Functional Cells. Biophysical Journal, 98(3), 587a.

Plank, M., & Leake, M. (2010). Fast Millisecond Imaging of Single Fluorescent Protein Molecules Using a Simple “Slimfield” Optical Trick. Biophysical Journal, 98(3), 588a.

Rosser, G., & Leake, M. (2010). Discrete and Continuous Three Dimensional Simulations for Fluorescence Recovery In Bacteria. Biophysical Journal, 98(3), 235a.

Robson, A., & Leake, M. (2010). Dynamics and Co-Localization of the Electron Transport Chain of Escherichia Coli: Investigations Through Fluorescence Microscopy. Biophysical Journal, 98(3), 234a.

Delalez, N., Wadhams, G., Berry, R., Armitage, J., & Leake, M. (2010). Proteins of Functioning Flagellar Rotor Turnover but only in the Presence of Signalling Proteins. Biophysical Journal, 98(3), 433a.

2009:

Pilizota, T., Brown, M., Leake, M., Branch, R., Berry, R., & Armitage, J. (2009). A molecular brake, not a clutch, stops the Rhodobacter sphaeroides flagellar motor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(28), 11582–11587.

Plank, M., Wadhams, G., & Leake, M. (2009). Millisecond timescale slimfield imaging and automated quantification of single fluorescent protein molecules for use in probing complex biological processes. Integrative Biology, 1(10), 602–612.

Dobbie, I., Robson, A., Delalez, N., & Leake, M. (2009). Visualizing single molecular complexes in vivo using advanced fluorescence microscopy. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments)(31), e1508.

Xue, Q., & Leake, M. (2009). A novel multiple particle tracking algorithm for noisy in vivo data by minimal path optimization within the spatio-temporal volume. In 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging: From Nano to Macro (pp. 1158–1161).

Robson, A., Tyndall, M., Maini, P., & Leake, M. (2009). Developing Statistical Diagnostic Tools For Discriminating Between Different Diffusive Modes Of Fluorescently Tagged Protein Complexes In Living Cells For Short Duration Trajectories. Biophysical Journal, 96(3), 33a.

Leake, M. (2009). Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Of Single, Living Cells: Using Optical Proteomics To Study Native Biochemistry One Molecule At A Time. Biophysical Journal, 96(3), 202a.

Rosser, G., Delalez, N., Wadhams, G., Armitage, J., & Leake, M. (2009). A Discrete Generalized Model for Dynamic Turnover in Molecular Protein Complexes. Biophysical Journal, 96(3), 325a.

Pilizota, T., Brown, M., Leake, M., Berry, R., & Armitage, J. (2009). How Does The Bacterial Flagellar Motor Of Rhodobacter Sphaeroides Stop-Using A Clutch Or A Brake?. Biophysical Journal, 96(3), 630a.

2008:

Leake, M., Greene, N., Godun, R., Granjon, T., Buchanan, G., Chen, S., Berry, R., Palmer, T., & Berks, B. (2008). Variable stoichiometry of the TatA component of the twin-arginine protein transport system observed by in vivo single-molecule imaging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(40), 15376–15381.

Lenn, T., Leake, M., & Mullineaux, C. (2008). Clustering and dynamics of cytochrome bd-I complexes in the Escherichia coli plasma membrane in vivo. Molecular microbiology, 70(6), 1397–1407.

Lenn, T., Leake, M., & Mullineaux, C.. (2008). Are Escherichia coli OXPHOS complexes concentrated in specialized zones within the plasma membrane?.

Leake, M., George, H., & Armitage, J. (2008). Parts exchange. Biologist, 55(1), 34.

Leake, M., Wadhams, G., & Armitage, J. (2008). Parts exchange: why molecular machines are like used cars.. Biologist, 55(1).

2007:

Lo, C.J., Leake, M., Pilizota, T., & Berry, R. (2007). Nonequivalence of membrane voltage and ion-gradient as driving forces for the bacterial flagellar motor at low load. Biophysical journal, 93(1), 294–302.

Leake, M., Greene, N., Godun, R., Palmer, T., Berry, R., & Berks, B. (2007). Single-molecule fluorescence microscopy of the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) system. Biophysical Journal, 92(Suppl.), 527A–527A.

Lo, C., Leake, M., Sowa, Y., Pilizota, T., & Berry, R. (2007). Torque, speed, sodium-motive-force and steps of chimeric bacterial flagellar motor. The FEBS Journal, 274, 131–131.

Grutzner, A., Leake, M., Kruger, M., & Linke, W. (2007). Potential for disulphide-bridge formation and phosphorylation-dependent modification of mechanical properties in the N2B-Domain of human cardiac titin.

2006:

Leake, M., Chandler, J., Wadhams, G., Bai, F., Berry, R., & Armitage, J. (2006). Stoichiometry and turnover in single, functioning membrane protein complexes. Nature, 443(7109), 355–358.

Reid, S., Leake, M., Chandler, J., Lo, C.J., Armitage, J., & Berry, R. (2006). The maximum number of torque-generating units in the flagellar motor of Escherichia coli is at least 11. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(21), 8066–8071.

Bullard, B., Garcia, T., Benes, V., Leake, M., Linke, W., & Oberhauser, A. (2006). The molecular elasticity of the insect flight muscle proteins projectin and kettin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(12), 4451–4456.

Lo, C.J., Leake, M., & Berry, R. (2006). Fluorescence measurement of intracellular sodium concentration in single Escherichia coli cells. Biophysical journal, 90(1), 357–365.

Leake, M., Grützner, A., Krüger, M., & Linke, W. (2006). Mechanical properties of cardiac titin’s N2B-region by single-molecule atomic force spectroscopy. Journal of structural biology, 155(2), 263–272.

Vigoreaux, J., Bullard, B., Leake, M., & Leonard, K. (2006). Some Functions of Proteins from the Drosophila sallimus (sls) Gene. Nature’s versatile engine: insect flight muscle inside and out, 177–186.

Sherratt, D., Reyes-Lamothe, R., & Leake, M. (2006). 608a Tuesday, February 23, 2010. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 6506–11.

2005:

Sowa, Y., Rowe, A., Leake, M., Yakushi, T., Homma, M., Ishijima, A., & Berry, R. (2005). Direct observation of steps in rotation of the bacterial flagellar motor. Nature, 437(7060), 916–919.

Rowe, A., Sowa, Y., Leake, M., Yakushi, T., Homma, M., Ishijima, A., & Berry, R. (2005). Steps in slow flagellar motor rotation. BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 88(1).

Lo, C., Leake, M., & Berry, R. (2005). Intracellular sodium concentration of chimera Escherichia coli. FEBS JOURNAL, 272.

2004:

Makarenko, I., Opitz, C., Leake, M., Neagoe, C., Kulke, M., Gwathmey, J., Del Monte, F., Hajjar, R., & Linke, W. (2004). Passive stiffness changes caused by upregulation of compliant titin isoforms in human dilated cardiomyopathy hearts. Circulation research, 95(7), 708–716.

Bullard, B., Ferguson, C., Minajeva, A., Leake, M., Gautel, M., Labeit, D., Ding, L., Labeit, S., Horwitz, J., Leonard, K., & others (2004). Association of the chaperone $α$B-crystallin with titin in heart muscle. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279(9), 7917–7924.

Opitz, C., Leake, M., Makarenko, I., Benes, V., & Linke, W. (2004). Developmentally regulated switching of titin size alters myofibrillar stiffness in the perinatal heart. Circulation research, 94(7), 967–975.

Leake, M., Wilson, D., Gautel, M., & Simmons, R. (2004). The elasticity of single titin molecules using a two-bead optical tweezers assay. Biophysical journal, 87(2), 1112–1135.

Linke, W., & Leake, M. (2004). Multiple sources of passive stress relaxation in muscle fibres. Physics in Medicine & Biology, 49(16), 3613.

Makarenko, I., Dussel, R., Leake, M., Neagoe, C., Hajjar, R., & Linke, W. (2004). Titin-isoform shift in failing DCM hearts reduces myofibrillar passive stiffness but is independent of hypertrophy signals. In BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL (pp. 207A–207A).

Opitz, C., Leake, M., Kulke, M., & Linke, W. (2004). Damped elastic recoil of the titin spring in myofibrils of human myocardium. In BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL (pp. 569A–569A).

Opitz, C., Leake, M., Makarenko, I., Benes, V., & Linke, W. (2004). Rapid switch of titin isoform size by 700 kDa to adjust passive myocardial stiffness during perinatal heart development. In BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL (pp. 346A–346A).

2003:

Opitz, C., Kulke, M., Leake, M., Neagoe, C., Hinssen, H., Hajjar, R., & Linke, W. (2003). Damped elastic recoil of the titin spring in myofibrils of human myocardium. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100(22), 12688–12693.

Rowe, A., Leake, M., Morgan, H., & Berry, R. (2003). Rapid rotation of micron and submicron dielectric particles measured using optical tweezers. Journal of Modern Optics, 50(10), 1539–1554.

Leake, M., Wilson, D., Bullard, B., & Simmons, R. (2003). The elasticity of single kettin molecules using a two-bead laser-tweezers assay. FEBS letters, 535(1-3), 55–60.

2002:

Leake, M., & Berry, R. (2002). Torque-speed relationship of the flagellar rotary motor of Rhodobacter using an electrorotation technique. BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 82(1).

2001:

Leake, M. (2001). The Elasticity of Titin Studied Using a Laser-tweezers Technique. (Doctoral dissertation, University of London 2001.).

Leake, M. (2001). The Elasticity of the Giant Muscle Protein Titin Investigated Using a Laser-tweezers Technique. (Doctoral dissertation, Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas’s School of Medicine).